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Katalizator jest podstawowym elementem układu wydechowego zarówno silników benzynowych jak i wysokoprężnych. Czym tak naprawdę jest katalizator?

What is a catalyst?

The catalyst is the basic element of the exhaust system of both gasoline and diesel engines. What is the catalyst really?

CATALIZER WHAT IS SUCH AS?

The catalyst is a colloquial name for a catalytic converter. Its main task is to reduce the amount of chemical compounds in the exhaust. Catalysts are found even in old cars, what’s more, they were initially only installed in gasoline engines. The presence of a catalyst is mandatory in every car. Why? Because each car must meet the exhaust emission standards. Without the presence of a catalyst, it would be impossible to comply with stringent standards. The catalyst from the outside looks like a silencer and resembles a tin can – the casing is made of high-quality chromium or chromium-nickel steel. Inside, we find a monolith with a honeycomb structure covered with the appropriate elements, an intermediate layer, an active layer, a sealing layer and thermal insulation in the form of mats. The monolith is made of a large number of channels arranged transversely in relation to each other in the direction of the exhaust flow. The channels are separated from each other by thin walls and resemble a honeycomb structure. The construction of the monolith is very important because it affects a number of parameters such as: resistance of the exhaust flow, mechanical strength of the monolith, thermal inertia, heat conduction coefficient, specific surface of the monolith and the maximum operating temperature. The most important parameters are the number of channels and wall thickness. The greater the number of channels, the greater the efficiency of the catalyst. The monolith layer is coated with a thin porous intermediate layer that contains aluminum trioxide. The layer is indirectly covered by the active layer, which consists of catalytic substances: platinum, rhodium and palladium, which are included in precious metals. A proper temperature is needed for proper operation of the catalyst. The process of catalytic converter operation is based on the exhaust gas in a chemical reaction. The catalyst can be divided into two types due to the materials used for its construction: ceramic catalysts (with a ceramic block) and metal catalysts (with a metal block).

GASOLINE CATALYST CATALYST

In cars equipped with gasoline engines we can find three-way catalysts, whose task is to fulfill three basic functions, and more precisely the reduction of three groups of substances: carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitric oxide. Two separate processes were used in the initial stages of catalyst introduction: one responsible for the oxidation of carbon dioxide and the other for the reduction of nitric oxide. The key to the correct operation of the catalytic converter is an efficient lambda probe that works with the injection control computer and is responsible for the selection of the optimal fuel-air mixture in such a way that the combustion is optimized and the reduction of harmful substances is as high as possible.

CATALYST FOR A DIESEL ENGINE

In vehicles with diesel engines, oxidation reactors are assembled in which oxidation of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon molecules takes place. Oxidation catalysts are not used in all cars equipped with a diesel engine. All modern diesel engines are equipped with catalysts to maximally reduce the amount of harmful substances and show that the car manufacturer cares about our planet.

Thanks to the work of the catalyst, much less harmful substances get into the atmosphere, so it is very important that the catalyst is in a good technical condition and therefore works well.